Effects of feeding silage and grain from glyphosate-tolerant or insect-protected corn hybrids on feed intake,ruminal digestion,and milk production in dairy cattle

Lactating dairy cows were used to determine effects of feeding glyphosate-tolerant or insect-protected corn hybrids on feed intake, milk production, milk composition, and ruminal digestibility. Corn resistant to European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) infestation (Bt-MON810), or its nontransgenic control (Bt-CON), were planted in alternating fields during two successive years. One-half of each strip was harvested for whole plant corn silage and the remainder was allowed to mature and harvested as grain. Effects of feeding diets containing either Bt-MON810 or Bt-CON grain and silage were determined in two experiments (1 and 2) conducted during successive years. In experiment 3, glyphosate-tolerant Roundup Ready corn (RR-GA21) or its nontransgenic control (RR-CON) corn were grown in alternating fields during one cropping season. Diets contained 42 to 60% corn silage and 20 to 34% corn grain from Bt-MON810, RR-GA21, or the appropriate nontransgenic counterpart; treatments were applied using a switchback design. Cows were fed ad libitum and milked twice daily. There were no differences for nutrient composition between silage sources or between grain sources within an experiment. Data for experiments 1 and 2 indicated similar dry matter intake (DMI), 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) production, and milk composition between Bt-MON810 and Bt-CON diets. There were no differences for DMI, 4% FCM production, and milk composition between RR-GA21 and RR-CON diets. There was no difference in ruminal degradability, determined separately for corn silage and corn grain, for RR-GA21 or Bt-MON810-hybrids compared with their respective controls. These data demonstrate equivalence of nutritional value and production efficiency for corn containing Bt-MON810 compared with its control and for RR-GA21 corn compared with its control.     

Influence of corn silage particle length on the performance of lactating dairy cows fed supplemental tallow

The objective of this study was to determine if the length of chop of processed corn silage influences the impact of supplemental fat on rumen fermentation and performance of dairy cows. We hypothesized that increasing forage particle length may alleviate the interference of fat on rumen fermentation. Sixteen Holstein cows averaging 120 d in milk were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Treatments were arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial with 0 or 2% tallow (dry matter basis), and corn silage harvested at either 19 or 32 mm theoretical length of cut. The forage:concentrate ratio was 50:50, and diets were formulated to contain 18% crude protein and 32% neutral detergent fiber (dry matter basis). Cows were allowed ad libitum consumption of diets that were fed twice daily as a total mixed ration. Fat supplemented cows had lower dry matter intake and produced less milk fat relative to nonsupplemented cows. No effect of corn silage particle length was observed for dry matter intake and milk fat production. Proportion of trans-10 C18:1 and of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid was highest in milk fat of cows fed 2% supplemental tallow. Rumen pH was not affected by feeding tallow, and tended to be highest for cows eating the 32-mm theoretical length of chop corn silage diets. No effect of treatments was observed for rumen acetate-to-propionate ratio or rumen ammonia concentration. In this study, tallow supplementation had a negative impact on performance of dairy cows regardless of the corn silage particle length. Feeding tallow increased formation of trans-fatty acids in the rumen in the absence of significant changes in the rumen environment.     

Pelleted beet pulp substituted for high-moisture corn: 3. Effects on ruminal fermentation, pH, and microbial protein efficiency in lactating dairy cows

The effects of increasing concentrations of dried, pelleted beet pulp substituted for high-moisture corn on ruminal fermentation, pH, and microbial efficiency were evaluated using eight ruminally and duodenally cannulated multiparous Holstein cows in a duplicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Cows were 79 +/- 17 (mean +/- SD) DIM at the beginning of the experiment. Experimental diets with 40% forage (corn silage and alfalfa silage) and 60% concentrate contained 0, 6.1, 12.1, or 24.3% beet pulp substituted for high-moisture corn on a DM basis. Diet concentrations of NDF and starch were 24.3 and 34.6% (0% beet pulp), 26.2 and 30.5% (6% beet pulp), 28.0, and 26.5% (12% beet pulp), and 31.6 and 18.4% (24% beet pulp), respectively. Substituting beet pulp for corn did not affect daily mean or minimum ruminal pH but tended to reduce pH range. Ruminal acetate:propionate responded in a positive exponential relationship to added beet pulp. Rate of valerate absorption from the rumen was not affected by treatment. Substituting beet pulp for corn up to 24% of diet DM did not affect efficiency of ruminal microbial protein production, expressed as microbial N flow to the duodenum as a percentage of OM truly digested in the rumen. Microbial efficiency was not correlated to mean pH or daily minimum pH. While microbial efficiency was not directly related to concentration of beet pulp fed, it was positively correlated with passage rate of particulate matter, as represented by starch and indigestible NDF, probably due to reduced turnover of microbial protein in the rumen.     

即食玉米货架期间品质研究

跟踪监测即食玉米一年货架期内微生物指标、感观指标和营养指标变化,结果表明,即食玉米在一年货架期间内安全可食,具有较高营养价值.试验利用水煮和微波两种加热方式消除即食玉米回生现象;结果表明,热水加热3～5 min或微波加热2～3min,均可消除回生现象,保持玉米原有风味.     

玉米酒精生产废水控制方法探讨

近年来,我国部分玉米主产区利用丰富的玉米资源生产清洁能源-燃料酒精。燃料酒精的生产可以解决我国石油短缺、环境恶化等问题,并且对我国的农业、能源、环保、交通、财政诸方面将起到积极的推动作用。但是随着酒精工业的发展和酒精产量的逐年增加,酒精废液的污染问题也越来越突出。对我国部分玉米酒精生产企业的酒精废液治理方法进行了论述和总结,分析了各种治理方法的适用性和优缺点,提出了缓解玉米酒精产业快速发展带来环境压力的途径。     

火焰原子吸收分光光谱法测定玉米中铁、锰、铜、锌

采用HNO3-HClO4(4+1)湿法消解样品,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定玉米中铁、锰、铜、锌的含量。测得铁、锰、铜、锌的回收率分别在97%～99%、95%～100%、95%～103%,100%～104%之间,平均回收率为95%～104%,RSD为0.1%～0.9%,表明该方法准确可靠。     

谷氨酰胺(Gln)活性肽营养液贮藏稳定性的研究

脱酰胺反应遵循假一级反应动力学,酸碱将增加脱酰胺反应的速率。结果表明,pH6.0时最稳定,表现为pH6.0时的脱酰胺反应速率常数最小、半衰期最长、活化能最大;pH6.0时,玉米黄粉蛋白和活性肽营养液的活化能分别为125.6和158.1kJ/mol;活性肽营养液的贮藏稳定性试验表明,30℃留样观察180d,谷氨酰胺水解率6.0%,85℃加速试验6周,水解率8.53%<10%,因而活性肽营养液的有效期通常可达两年。     

二氧化碳与磷化氢混合熏蒸防治储烟害虫试验

目前,储烟害虫防治普遍采用磷化铝片剂常规熏蒸法,磷化铝施用量为6～9g/m3,安全上存在一定的隐患。为了减少磷化铝用药量,于2003年应用微电脑控制的仓外混合熏蒸机,施用钢瓶装液化二氧化碳和56%磷化铝片剂,进行了二氧化碳与磷化氢混合熏蒸杀虫试验,以8g/m3磷化铝常规熏蒸法为对照。试验结果表明,磷化铝施用量为2.3g/m3、二氧化碳施用量为12g/m3,混合熏蒸结果达到100%杀死害虫。与对照相比,杀虫效果相同,混合熏蒸法具有磷化铝施用量较小、较为安全和有利于减少污染等优点。     

复合氧化剂法合成氧化玉米淀粉

以玉米淀粉为原料,过氧化氢和过硫酸钾为复合氧化剂,Fe~(2+)为催化剂,在酸性条件下以湿法工艺合成氧化玉米淀粉。以淀粉质量分数、复合氧化剂比例、复合氧化剂质量分数(占干淀粉总量)、催化剂质量分数(占干淀粉总量)、反应温度、反应时间等因素为变量,以羧基含量作为氧化度衡量指标,采用单因素试验和正交优化试验,确定制备氧化玉米淀粉最佳工艺条件为:淀粉质量分数35%、复合氧化剂质量分数8%、复合氧化剂比例[m(H_2O_2):m(K_2S_2O_8)]为4:1、体系pH 4.00、催化剂质量分数0.3%、反应温度50℃、反应时间1.5 h,在此条件下,可合成氧化度为0.118%氧化玉米淀粉。     

改性玉米芯对直接大红4BS吸附性能研究

用柠檬酸对玉米芯进行预处理,研究改性玉米芯在不同条件下对直接大红4BS的吸附性能.结果发现:温度、时间、pH、染料初始质量浓度、无机盐NaCl和吸附剂用量等因素对吸附效果均有影响.改性玉米芯吸附50 mL 50 mg/L直接大红4BS的最佳条件为:吸附剂用量1.0 g,吸附时间为210 min,pH=2,吸附温度70℃,在此条件下吸附率可达99%.